The mucosa of the maxillary sinus may be lacerated and cause epistaxis on that side. Other symptoms - trismus is spasm of the masseter and it makes chewing difficult and painful.Visual symptoms - diplopia can occur due to entrapment of a muscle, neural injury or a haematoma in an external ocular muscle.Aetiology is usually blunt trauma to the cheek, such as involved in:Īssessment of potential fractures History The group at highest risk is young males. Zygomatic arch fracturesĪfter the nasal bone, the zygoma is the second most common bone of the face to be fractured. The incidence of orbital fractures peaks in a bimodal fashion, at 10-40 years and again at 70 years. Males are at higher risk than women of most kinds of trauma, including orbital injuries. Children are more likely to sustain skull fractures and brain injuries than facial fractures. įacial fractures are rare before the age of 5 years.
The incidence and causes of maxillofacial trauma and facial fractures vary widely in different regions of the world due to social, economic and cultural consequences, awareness of traffic regulations and alcohol consumption. Maxillofacial fractures can have various causes, including traffic accidents, falls, assaults and sports injuries. Displacement of the zygomatico-frontal suture.The strong central part of the bone usually remains intact and the force is transmitted to the three buttresses, individually or simultaneously (a 'tripod' fracture) resulting in: The bones are either fractured or dislocated. The malar complex is also commonly fractured in isolation by a blow to that area. The most common orbital injury is a 'blowout' fracture, usually involving the orbital floor ± the medial wall.
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